Responding to findings by Durham University and the DfE that pupils in the best reception classes can expect to earn more in later life, James Bowen, director of policy for school leaders’ union NAHT, said:

“As this report shows, the early years of a child’s education are crucial to setting children up for the best success, both in terms of their future academic attainment and their life chances. While we should not be trying to ‘hothouse’ young children, it is clear that great teachers in reception classes make a real difference.

“However, we also need to recognise that the years before a child enters reception are just as important, and the challenges some children face start well before they arrive at school.

“If children are to thrive in their first years in school, families need access to high-quality early years education for their children, as well as access to any support services they need. Sadly, too many families are unable to access these vital services, meaning children don’t always receive the early intervention and support that could make such a difference.

“The government could do far more to set children and families up for success by investing more in early years education and services, allowing all children – especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds – to access the support they need to get the very best start in life.”